Field study showed ~180 kg N/ha improved basal internode structure, reducing stalk rot and lodging risk.

Proper nitrogen supply and planting density improved stalk architecture and basal internode strength, reducing lodging.

Lower nitrogen with higher density reduced lodging index 18–33% by lowering height, center of gravity, and increasing lignin/cellulose.

Excess early-season N creates weak stems prone to lodging. Split applications strengthen stands.

Review emphasizes excessive N raises lodging risk, while optimized management supports yield and standability.

Guidance on nitrogen fertilization balancing lodging risk reduction with yield and quality.

Review shows moderate N promotes defense proteins, excessive N can fuel pathogen growth.

Nitrate enhances immune signaling, ammonium suppresses defenses and can favor pathogens.

Nitrogen form and timing influence systemic resistance and pathogen interactions in crops.

Higher N rates increase pest attractiveness (e.g., aphids), while balanced fertility reduces outbreaks.

Excess nitrogen linked with higher corn borer damage, while moderate N reduced pest severity.

Integrated N and micronutrient management improves resilience against insects and diseases.

Excess nitrogen increases stalk rot incidence, while balanced rates strengthen stalk lignification.

Excess N encourages Fusarium stalk rot, while moderate N reduces infection severity.

Split nitrogen application improved stalk quality and reduced lodging and disease incidence.